天山独─库公路三岔河道班泥石流沟成因分析

三岔河流域高山带裸露的岩石地表与其35°以上的陡峻地形一同构成了迅速汇流的有利条件;夏季高山带5℃～10℃左右的持续高温天气过程,引起冰舌末端发生冰体崩解或山缘积雪发生雪崩?进入沟道,并在较短时间内融化,形成激发泥石流的冰雪消融洪水?目前,由于提供泥石流的这种水源和沟道内丰富的松散固体物质条件依然具备,所以,泥石流爆发将仍处于活跃发展阶段?     

冬季剪截未老熟末次梢对妃子笑荔枝成花坐果的影响

通过妃子笑荔枝未老熟末次梢进行剪截处理后，结果表明：剪截处理能有效地促进成花、挂果，全部剪截处理的末次梢成花率、平均穗坐果率显著高于其他处理；剪截末次梢2／3处理次之；不剪截的几乎不成花、不坐果。     

不同品种水稻产量形成过程的养分积累与分配特征研究

通过测定三系杂交稻"汕优63"、两系杂交稻"两优2186"和常规稻"IR64"不同器官N、P和K含量动态,探讨了3种水稻各生育期的养分积累与分配特征。结果表明:3种水稻稻株N含量均随生长过程逐渐下降,同一生育期水稻N含量以"汕优63"最高;除"汕优63"K含量在齐穗时明显上升外,3种水稻的K含量随生长过程逐渐下降;而P含量总体上在分蘖盛期最高。完熟期3种水稻的N积累量依次为24.79g/m2、15.14g/m2和14.42g/m2,P积累量为4.766g/m2、3.306g/m2和3.678g/m2,K积累量为2.439g/m22、.029g/m2和1.725g/m2。"汕优63"分配到籽粒中的N素比例为61.23%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"高17.97%和11.23%;分配到籽粒中的P素比例为62.97%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"高6.41%和9.63%;分配到籽粒中的K素比例为27.51%,分别比"两优2186"、"IR64"低3.00%和2.39%。在全生育期中,"汕优63"、"两优2186"和"IR64"的N需求量依次为31.33g/m2、22.88 g/m2、24.82g/m2,N、P、K吸收比依次为1∶0.192∶0.098、1∶0.219∶0.134和1∶0.255∶0.120。3种水稻中"汕优63"的养分生产效率最低。N、P、K生产效率"汕优63"依次为37.25kg/kg、193.80kg/kg和378.80kg/kg,"两优2186"依次为52.54 kg/kg、240.38kg/kg和392.16kg/kg,"IR64"依次为58.38kg/kg、228.83kg/kg和487.80kg/kg。三系杂交稻"汕优63"的N、P、K需求量大,积累量高,分配到籽粒中的比例亦高,与其高产特性相吻合。在保证N、P、K供给的前提下,进一步提高养分生产效率是实现"汕优63"高产、高效的关键。     

不同人工措施对沙质荒漠生态恢复与重建初期效应的影响

机械措施与生物措施相结合是流沙治理行之有效的重要途径和方法。通过对4种不同人工措施干预治理流动沙地后其生态恢复初期（前3年）植被、土壤理化性质和水分动态变化进行了观测研究,并以流沙区为对照进行了对比分析。结果表明：沙质荒漠生态系统恢复变化首先始于各种机械措施所建立的稳定地面的形成,为天然植物的迅速增殖和侵入、人工固沙植物的介入、枯枝落叶的储存及流沙成土过程提供了必要的环境条件。枯枝落叶层的形成又为土壤-植物系统物质交换建立了介面,促进了流沙的成土过程。不同人工措施治理区0～200cm土壤平均含水量与流沙区土壤含水量相比差异不显著,说明土壤水分仍能保持流动沙地原有的水分平衡状态。但随着天然植被的恢复与人工固沙林生长,其对土壤水分的影响深度由干预前的40cm加深至第三年的160cm。系统内植物恢复与流沙成土过程的前期效果表明,草沙障或土沙障＋固沙林措施优于塑料沙障＋人工沙蒿和封育治理措施,是流动沙地得以快速治理的有效方法。从植被群落结构的变化看,人工植被在建立后第三年其生态功能才开始初见成效。     

甘家沟泥石流特征及其防治对策

甘家沟是一条国内有名的严重泥石流沟，流域内有骨塌体５２处，面积达２４．３ｋｍ＾２，松散固体物质达１３４１３万ｍ＾３，泥石流形条件极为优越，为了保护沿江农田，村镇，公路和上游武都县城的安全，根据泥石流的形成特点和成灾方式，该流域的泥石流防治采取了和物措施与工程措施相结合，以式程措施为主，拦挡与排导相结合，以拦为主的综合治方案。     

中国荒漠化的形成原因和分布特征

 世界上的沙漠主要分布在副热带,唯独我国的沙漠分布在温带。根据有关文献和1994年我国沙漠化普查资料,介绍国内外现代干旱和沙漠化现状,分析青藏高原隆升、末次大冰期、水土资源分布、气候变化、社会经济干旱和人类不合理经济活动对我国北方沙漠化形成和分布的影响,以及未来发展趋势。建议要尽快实施跨流域调水、节水林牧业和依法治沙,彻底改变“三北”地区的干旱荒漠面貌。     

Proton toxicity interferes with the screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for aluminium resistance in nutrient solution

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proved to be very sensitive of low pH (4.3), with large genotypic differences in proton sensitivity. Therefore, proton toxicity did not allow the screening of common bean genotypes for aluminium (Al) resistance using the established protocol for maize (0.5 mM CaCl₂, 8 μM H₃BO₃, pH 4.3). Increasing the pH to 4.5, the Ca²⁺ concentration to 5 mM, and addition of 0.5 mM KCl fully prevented proton toxicity in 28 tested genotypes and allowed to identify differences in Al resistance using the inhibition of root elongation by 20 μM Al supply for 36 h as parameter of Al injury. As in maize, Al treatment induced callose formation in root apices of common bean. Aluminium‐induced callose formation well reflected the effect of Ca supply on Al sensitivity as revealed by root‐growth inhibition. Aluminum‐induced callose formation in root apices of 28 bean genotypes differing in Al resistance after 36 h Al treatment was positively correlated to Al‐induced inhibition of root elongation and Al contents in the root apices. However, the relationship was less close than previously reported for maize. Also, after 12 h Al treatment, callose formation and Al contents in root apices did not reflect differences in Al resistance between two contrasting genotypes, indicating a different mode of the expression of Al toxicity and regulation of Al resistance in common bean than in maize.     

青海省玉树州高原暴雨型泥石流形成机制——以称多县拉隆沟泥石流为例

[目的]对青海省玉树州高原暴雨型泥石流形成机制进行研究,旨在为此类泥石流灾害防治及风险减缓提供依据。[方法]以青海省玉树州称多县拉隆沟暴雨型泥石流为例,通过实地调查对其形成因素及形成机制进行研究。[结果]该泥石流主沟道长约3km,流域面积5.25km~2,纵坡比降212‰,高差约600m。物源区发育滑坡方量约为6.50×104 m~3,流域内冲出泥石流物质共约8.5×104 m~3,沟道内物源补给量2.0×104 m~3。[结论]青海省玉树州高原暴雨型泥石流的启动模式可总结为:滑坡—物源形成—固体物质起动—沟道侵蚀—泥石流形成。     

Effect of the Substrates on the Production of Engrafted Vine Cuttings in Heated Greenhouses

This article highlights the results of a long-term research project on the production of grape stalks engrafted by the desk method. The integrated impact of rootstock varieties, modes of stratification, and different substrates on vegetating vine cuttings, raised in heated greenhouses, and the capacity of their acclimatization after planting was studied. The results of the research show that rootstock variety and modes of stratification influence the output of engrafted vegetating cuttings of vines grown in pots using various substrates. In particular, the engrafted cuttings of variety Rkatsiteli produced on two rootstocks, 5 BB and 101-14, passed stratification (a) in sawdust with local electroheating, (b) on the water with its periodic change, and (c) in the layer of perlite. After preplanting preparations they were planted in pots with six different substrates: (1) soil (control); (2) perlite; (3) sawdust; (4) rice husk + soil + sand (1:1:1); (5) peat + soil + sand (1:1:1); and (6) mold + soil + sand (1:1:1). The cuttings were grown with a covered root system in a heated greenhouse for 35–40 days. Forty-day-old vegetating cuttings, after hardening, were planted into the open ground. Specialties were established during the root and shoot formation on vegetating nursery plant grafts during the rooting period. Optimal substrates for growing engrafted cuttings with a covered root system in heated greenhouses for each rootstock and stratification mode were determined.